To determine effect of EPC's on heart disease in smokers, researchers would survey 15 different smokers. The results were that EPC's were lower in heavy smokers and increased if someone was a light smoker. When a person quit smoking, the underlying levels of EPC's would dramatically increase. As a result, researchers determined that those who quit smoking; will see a reduction in their chances of having a stroke. Those who are considered light smokers will have a lower chance of heart attack, in comparison with heavy smokers. This is significant, because it can be used to corroborate, the overall negative health effects of smoking on the individual. Where, the more they smoke, the greater the chances increase that they could have a heart attack. (Takahisa, 2004, pg.1422) Clearly, the literature review uncovered a number of different tools and techniques to help someone quit smoking. The most notable would include: the use of behavioral inhibitors, various forms of nicotine therapy and counseling. All of these different areas are effective at helping someone be able to have less nicotine cravings and will provide emotional / mental support. As a result, the research highlights why society has been continuing to push various smoking cessation efforts. Where, society believes that these people have the ability to quit smoking any time they want, by using the various cessation tools / techniques. As a result, these views have caused the total number of interventions and cessation efforts to increase, with each new study confirming the negative health effects of smoking.

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